Provoking Revenge In Hamlet Essay - 492 Words

Storming into the palace and throwing accusations at Claudius, Laertes reveals he is impulsive. Laertes anger is due to the dishonor that has been inflicted on his family by Polonius’s murder. Claudius takes advantage of the sudden appearance of Laertes, by provoking Laertes into assisting him in plotting Hamlet’s murder. Shakespeare uses Laertes not only as a catalyst in the story, but as a contrast to the pensive Hamlet. Both men seek the same kind of justice but chose different paths to attain it. Laertes acts on anger without thinking, but Hamlet waits, debating the consequence of committing murder. Laertes function is to contrast Hamlet’s sensibility with his incensed spontaneity.Claudius manipulates to his advantage Laertes lack†¦show more content†¦Laertes wants to quot;dare damnationquot;(215) letting quot;come what comesquot;(215) from killing Hamlet. The idea of not avenging Polonius is unthinkable to Laertes. He is driven by his anger and can see no other option than to kill Hamlet. However Hamlet considers his situation, studying what will come if he kills the king. Hamlet frustrates himself because he cannot bring himself to kill Claudius wanting to quot;have grounds more relative thanquot;(119) ghost or suspicion. Hamlet wants to be sure Claudius committed the murder before he kills him, but Laertes accuses whomever he suspects of killing Polonius without debating motive. Because Hamlet does not leap to kill as Laertes does, Hamlet is seen as the sensible of the two, justified for waiting to kill Claudius and not rushing into murder. Laertes is used in Act IV as a comparison to Hamlet because as the conclusion to the play draws near confusion is produced by Hamlet’s lack of action against Claudius. Shakespeare uses Laertes reckless abandon as a way of showing how Hamlets contemplation is not procrastination but a sign of intelligence. Laertes will avenge his father, as will Hamlet, but only Hamlet foresees the horror of justice, and avenges his father knowing full well the repercussions he will receive for murder. Shakespeare shows Hamlet maturity, and thus Hamlet receives respect for meditating on what he must do rather than if he had actedShow MoreRelatedRevenge Themes in Hamlet1077 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play ‘Hamlet written by William Shakespeare in Elizabethan times, the theme of revenge is a constant throughout the plot. Not onl y does it underlie almost every scene, but it also has a major effect on the story as a whole. Two of the main revenge plots within the play are Hamlets aim to avenge his father by killing his uncle, the king Claudius, and Laertes aim to avenge the murder of his father by killing Hamlet. These two revenge plots play a major role in presenting to the audience theRead MoreThe Foil Of Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Hamlet 901 Words   |  4 Pagesand Laertes, in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† qualify as foils for Hamlet, the protagonist. However, Laertes is the most appropriate foil for Hamlet. Laertes’ similarities and differences with Hamlet along with his actions and traits allow him to be an effective foil for Hamlet. Readers often see Laertes and Hamlet as complete opposites, but they are not as different as they appear. In the play, both Hamlet and Laertes depend on their fathers for guidance, thereforeRead MoreHamlet: Literary Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play of Hamlet, Shakespeare sets up three plots of revenge which involve three characters, each determined to avenge their deceased loved ones. Revenge is essentially a recurring element in the play and can be noted as an important theme. Revenge is often lead by uncontrolled emotions, affecting an individual’s thoughts and feelings differently and provoking the individual to act without a reason. The play helps us question the justifiability and benefits of revenge through the story’sRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagest With underlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides that the time for revenge is at hand in an insightfulRead MoreThe Consequences Of Ophelia In William Shakespeares Hamlet1214 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a compelling story filled with suffering, revenge, and manipulation. While these are all aspects that come together to create a memorable and thought-provoking play, they also result in the downfall of various characters. With these unfortunate individuals, Shakespeare shows that it is not necessarily one’s actions, but their situation that decides w hether they lose it all. In this play, the victims’ suffering is not their own doing, but instead it is caused by theRead MoreInternal Conflict And External Conflict In Shakespeares Hamlet711 Words   |  3 Pagesdramatic work. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, exhibits certain responses to external conflicts, which provoke internal conflicts and assert his character. The central inward conflict and the principal motive that this character experience is the delay in his revenge against Claudius which is caused by his conscience. The mental and emotional complications experienced by him throughout the play shape the events that occur. Hamlet battles his inner soul and supresses hisRead MoreDeath theme In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare1418 Words   |  6 PagesDeath is still a mystery as the whole human race still wonders how it acts on peoples lives and what is next after Death. In the play Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the theme of Death to drive t he characters actions, and portrays the tragedy through their dialogues and significant symbols to create a tragic atmosphere. The first sign of Death is the appearance of King Hamlets ghost. The play is set only two months after his death, which is the lead for the events following in the play. He appeared at theRead MoreA Common Theme Of Shakespeare s Hamlet1573 Words   |  7 Pageswhich theme varies from play to play. In Hamlet specifically, Shakespeare establishes a much larger emphasis on thoughts rather than actions. Shakespeare places a great amount of thought into the protagonist, Hamlet. Throughout this tragedy, the reader sees Hamlet as a more thought-provoking character that spends large amounts of time thinking about problems rather than trying to fix them, often putting them off. An example of this is when Hamlet first learns about his father s murdererRead MoreHamlet and The Desire-Destiny Paradox872 Words   |  3 Pagesquoted line of Hamlet, of Shakespeare’s works, possibly of all Elizabethan literature, presents a philosophical Hamlet who questions â€Å"Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer, The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,† Shakespeare does indeed explore the individual’s enduring need to define one’s role or identity within society, but presents the paradox of whether to embrace one’s fortune OR to ‘carve for himself’ a fate and identity. Hamlet spends muchRea d MoreA Compare/Contrast of Hamlet through his foils - Laertes, Fortinbras and Horatio.1702 Words   |  7 PagesIt is without doubt that William Shakespeare has created many unique, thought - provoking characters. Hamlet is by far Shakespeares most compelling character. In Shakespeares play Hamlet, various character traits, exhibited by Hamlet, can be seen through his foils. Similarities with Hamlet and Horatios education, as well as their levels, can be drawn. However, Hamlets character is in constant change and even philosophical. Fortinbras, without question encompasses many of Hamlets qualities. They

ratio analysis Essay - 950 Words

Financial Ratios: What They MeanIn assessing the significance of various financial data, managers often engage in ratio analysis, the process of determining and evaluating financial ratios. A financial ratio is a relationship that indicates something about a companys activities, such as the ratio between the companys current assets and current liabilities or between its accounts receivable and its annual sales. The basic source for these ratios is the companys financial statements that contain figures on assets, liabilities, profits, and losses. Ratios are only meaningful when compared with other information. Since they are often compared with industry data, ratios help managers understand their companys performance relative to that†¦show more content†¦The most common is the price earnings (P/E) ratio. It is published daily with the transactions of the New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ. These quotations show not only the most recent price but also the highest and lowest price paid for the stock during the previous fifty-two weeks, the annual dividend, the dividend yield, the price/earnings ratio, the days trading volume, high and low prices for the day, the changes from the previous days closing price. The price to earnings (P/E) ratio is calculated by dividing the current market price per share by current earnings per share. It represents a multiplier applied to current earnings to determine the value of a share of the stock in the market. The price-earnings ratio is influenced by the earnings and sales growth of the company, the risk (or volatility in performance), the debt-equity structure of the company, the dividend policy, the quality of management, and a number of other factors. A companys P/E ratio should be compared to those of other companies in the same industry. The following is a listing of some of the ratios to be aware of in analyzing a companys balance sheet and income statement. These ratios fall into four categories — liquidity, profitability, asset management (efficiency), and debtShow MoreRelatedRatio Analysis1885 Words   |  8 Pages Ratio Analysis University of Phoenix HCS/571 Finance Resource Management Sept 24, 2013Rosetta Stringfellow, MBA, BSRatio Analysis Ratio analysis is a widely used managerial tool that compares one number with another to gain insights that would not arise from looking at either of the numbers separately. Ratio analysis is used to examine and interpret the relationship between two numbers on a financial statement. This is done so that the managersRead MoreThe Analysis And Ratio Analysis1012 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper adopts the document analysis and ratio analysis. The information regarding the board characteristics and the financial figures collect from annual reports which are published on the official website of target companies. The paper further analyses the statistics of each board in terms of the age, education level, gender of directors, board size and the proportion of executive and independent non-executive directors. Moreover, this paper uses the financial ratio of the target companies as theirRead Mor eRatio Analysis Paper1127 Words   |  5 PagesRatio Analysis Paper Ratios describe the various relationships among accounts in the balance sheet and income statement. Financial ratios are important and helpful gauges of how an organization is functioning. An organization’s financial health, potential revenue, and even possible bankruptcy can be garnered from financial ratios. Information derived from financial statements is used to calculate most ratios and make projections. â€Å"Ratios help investors and lenders determine the risk associatedRead MoreRatio Analysis : Ratio And Working Capital Ratio1908 Words   |  8 PagesA1d. Ratio Analysis Current Ratio, also known as liquidity ratio and working capital ratio, shows the proportion of current assets of a business in relation to its current liabilities. (Current Ratio | Formula | Example | Analysis | Industry Standards, n.d.) A ratio of 2 would indicate that current assets would cover current liabilities two times. In year 7, Competition Bikes had a ratio of 5.79. This reflects strength in the company with a strong position in current assets. In year 8, the ratioRead MoreRatio Analysis17644 Words   |  71 PagesRATIO ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR DETERMINING CORPORATE PERFORMANCE ( A STUDY OF SELLECTED BANKS IN NIGERIA) RATIOS ANALYSIS AS A TOOLS FOR DETERMINING CORPORATE PERFORMANCE :( A STUDY OF SELECTED BANKS IN NIGERIA) BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,ZARIA NIGERIA DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, Read MoreA Analysis On The Ratio Analysis1441 Words   |  6 PagesSegmentation analysis In other to understand the ratio analysis, here is a summary of the regional and services contribution towards total growth rate of both companies for the 2013 and 2012 year, which would be discussed further in the ratio analysis. Region contribution towards total growth rate Hays plc overall market has been stable with a decrease in net fee income by -1%, however, weakening activities in the mining sector of Australia and new Zealand led to a step down in net fee incomeRead MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis : Financial Ratios Analysis1634 Words   |  7 Pages ASSIGNMENT: FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS UHCL Honesty Code â€Å"I will be honest in all my academic activities and will not tolerate dishonesty.† Uday Sekhar Reddy Mareddy Student ID: 1409342 Ratios 2015 2014 2013 Benchmark Beds in servicesRead MoreRatio Analysis Report1744 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. The report entails a financial analysis and summaries, which will give the executive board an understanding of how well the current managing director is performing, and whether his contract should be renewed. Figures were obtained from comparative balance sheets and profit and loss statements from the relevant years as well as additional information that was forwarded by the board. This information enabled the development of percentage and ratio analysis (see appendices), which was then usedRead MoreRatio Analysis2134 Words   |  9 PagesRatio Analysis Ratio analysis is used to evaluate relationships among financial statement items. The ratios are used to identify trends over time for one company or to compare two or more companies at one point in time. Financial statement ratio analysis focuses on three key aspects of a business: liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratios measure the ability of a company to repay its short-term debts and meet unexpected cash needs. Current ratio. The currentRead MoreRatio Analysis3493 Words   |  14 PagesANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Financial statement analysis is the study of relationships between the elements of the same statement or different financial statements and the trend of these elements. The purpose of financial statement analysis is to determine the meaning and significance of the data contained in the statements so that a forecast may be made of the prospects for future earnings, expected dividends and the ability of the business to pay interest and debt as it matures. Financial

Challenges in Starting a New Business free essay sample

Starting a new business can be very exciting as well as challenging. It can be exciting because it might be a transition from being an employee to owning a business and becoming one’s own boss where there is freedom of doing things without anybody’s influence. The idea of being a business owner can be very exhilarating in itself. Bateman states that ‘The control and ownership of a business is a very powerful feeling. Having ownership is like an adrenalin flow. It gives you more energy – you start to see what you can achieve. (Smith, 1997, p. 149) There are numerous advantages of having one’s own business. The potential to earn a higher income, independence, being one’s own boss, ability to fully implement one’s creative talents, choosing one’s own hours of work and a sense of personal pride and achievement are just a few. Establishing a new business has two very distinct features. The first is that the entrepreneur is the sole arbiter of his/her ability to start and run the business. This puts a heavy responsibility on the entrepreneur’s self-knowledge as not everyone is suited to being an entrepreneur or self-employed and it is not always easy to determine one’s suitability. The second characteristic of starting a business is to create one’s own income. This is largely dependent on the type of business and the target market. In theory, a well-run business should succeed in any market. In practice, however, success can be made more likely by choosing one’s product and market. Planning is an important part of starting a business. The success of the business depends on proper and realistic planning. A good plan would include the entrepreneur’s vision of the business, short, medium and long term goals of the business, people and business partners and their roles and suitability, the product, competitors and the advantage of one’s product over the competitor’s, marketing of the product, finances, risks associated with starting the business and finally, the exit strategy which would determine the future of the business once the entrepreneur is retired. The next and most important phase is tackling the challenges the entrepreneur will face in starting the business. These challenges or hurdles play a vital role in the success of the business. They manifest themselves in many different forms. The most common challenges are determining one’s suitability to run the business, lack of finance, finding the niche, and the right product, location of the business if it is a retail business, and time management. Determining one’s suitability as an entrepreneur is an integral aspect of starting any business. Being the owner of a business brings along with it a lot of responsibility and hard work. The business may require the entrepreneur to work up to 12-16 hours a day and possibly six to seven days a week as well as holidays. This is in contrast many more hours than a regular, paid job, not to mention the physical and emotional stress that comes along with it. Added to this fact is the additional stress of not being able to spend much time with family and friends. The family’s ability to withstand the stress that this would put upon them is another factor that an entrepreneur needs to take into consideration. The owner must therefore be able to decide if he/she has the physical stamina to handle the workload and the busy schedule as well as the emotional strength to withstand the strain. Having prior knowledge or business experience also plays a vital role in determining one’s suitability of being an entrepreneur. Another factor is that the business may require the owner to temporary lower his/her standard of living as initially, there may not be enough income generated by the business in the first few months of being established. This is an interesting situation as people may live under the assumption that starting a business will make them rich very quickly if not overnight. Such an assumption is dangerous as the owner may be in for a nasty surprise with bitter consequences. The second challenge in starting a business is finance. A large number of small businesses fail each year due to insufficient funds or capital. Many entrepreneurs miscalculate the amount of money they need to start and operate their business. They may later find that they need more capital in order to sustain till the business is fully established. Others are likely to suffer as they may not be able to market themselves or their product or because they find that they are unable to supply all the required products. Yet others may not even have the ability to pay for any extra help. This one fatal error in calculating the capital may cause the business to suffer heavily and lead to its eventual downfall. It is always wise to explore the possibility of having extra capital in an event that the business required more funds. However, the crucial point still remains that the entrepreneur take great care in determining how much funds are needed in order for the business to survive till the time it can be properly established. Generally, a new business would take around but is not limited to six months before it starts to generate enough income to ully sustain itself. Thus the entrepreneur needs to keep this time frame in mind when determining the initial capital. It would also pay to have a separate living expense for the first six months of starting the business. The third challenge is to find a niche. Knowing which product to sell and the sort of market it will have is another big challenge for all entrepreneurs. Before starting a new business the owner needs to kn ow his/her product and its target customers very well. When deciding on the product to sell, the entrepreneur needs to consider the feasibility of his/her idea. An important thing that must be seriously considered is the marketability of the product in the prevailing market situation. The business owner needs to know the competition that his/her product would face and the advantage(s) that the product has over the competitor’s, for example being cheaper. The type of product also goes a long way in determining how it would sell to the customers. For example, a basic everyday item will have greater marketability and hence will provide quicker returns than a luxury item directed towards a specific group of people. This in turn highlights the importance of the location of the business which can be regarded as the fourth challenge. Finding a good site to market one’s product is another challenge. A souvenir retail outlet, for example, will do better if opened in a place usually frequented by tourists such as a beach or a popular holiday destination than opening it next to a children’s clothing store. The fifth challenge is time management. It can be very challenging when everything and everybody requires the owner’s attention. Entrepreneurs therefore need to ‘manage their time successfully by creating good work habits, planning their tasks carefully, setting their priorities wisely and allocating their time effectively’. (Moss, 2001, Pg 1). The owner must have the ability to distinguish and tackle time-wasting tasks and people from distracting him/her. The talent of recognizing business opportunities and prioritizing tasks in order of importance would see that precious time is not wasted. Having a business plan that reflects the vision of the owner and sets out a clear direction will give stability to the new business. Knowing the challenges that the entrepreneur is likely to face would help prepare the owner to face these challenges. It would also give the entrepreneur the opportunity to explore the real reason(s) for him/her to start a new business and discipline him/her self to face these challenges. A business plan and knowing the challenges would help ensure the ultimate success of the business and would lead towards the fulfillment of the entrepreneur’s dreams and visions. References: Moss, G. (2001). Time-Savers: Guideline, Checklists Golden Rules. (2nd ed. ,).

David Leong master of mayhem Essay Example For Students

David Leong: master of mayhem Essay Taoist philosopher Lao-Tzu described the ideal leader as one who works his influence everywhere, but leaves no trace of his presence. In talking with Davi Leong, one wonders if the cosmic laws that govern Taoist kings might also hold true for fight choreographers. With over 250 productions to his credit, Leong i easily the most in-demand fight director in America; and yet he works under a peculiar paradox. The better he does his job, the less likely audiences are to notice his efforts. We met in the cafe section of New Yorks Roundabout Theatre, where Leongs handiwork adorned the companys recent mounting of William Inges 1953 slice of Americana, Picnic. There was something almost poignant in the way we tiptoed into the auditorium to watch the fight sequences, then tiptoed back to our tabl once the onstage clashes had run their brief course. Every minute of choreographed mayhem represents about 10 hours of rehearsal time, so Leong has had to get used to watching the fruits of his labor pass by in a flash. But the biggest thrill for himand for the audience caught up in the spectacleis the scrappy sense of reality in the scenes, and the seamless way they blend into th action. The man behind all the fencing and fisticuffs is a 42-year-old Brooklyn residen with a dauntingly diverse resume: certified fight master, Juilliard professor, playwright, producer of live entertainments for theme parks, Obie award-winner and expert juggler. He gives the impression of a man completely at home in his own body; speech and movement seem to flow from a center of calm, a reservoir o unassuming confidence he carries about with him at all times. Leong studied drama at the University of New Hampshire, where he more or less fell into the role of fight director because of his previous experience in gymnastics and movement. This led to membership in the Society of American Figh Directors, where he came under the influence of Patrick Crean, the legendary master who coached Laurence Olivier and served as Errol Flynns double. Spontaneous action Leong became a fight master himself in 1983a title he shares with only eight others in the country. The process is a remarkably gruelling one: Each candidat must serve five years as a certified teacher and actor/combatant, demonstrate a thorough expertise in the use of weapons, acquire a knowledge of theatrical literature and history, build up 20 union credits as a fight director, have his work scrutinized in performance by other masters, and pass written and oral exams. The end result, in Leongs case, is an ability to disguise rigorous technique a spontaneous action. The point is to create a volatile moment onstage that hits the audience in the solar plexus, rather than a stylized technical display. Since a fight can only look convincing if it is treated as part of the total performance, Leong spends considerable time exploring character motivationwhether hes working with professional actors or his third-year acting students at Juilliard. Its all about the interior, he says. Then I translate that into physical terms with the actors. This often means paying special attention to silencesas in a Miles Davis piece, where the spaces between notes express as much as the notes themselves. The fight moves dont mean anything, Leong explains. Its all about what happens with the actors when theyre not fighting. In the middle of a fight theyll stop for a second, and theres a beatI look at you, and I see what youve just done to me, and then the audience sees this rage build up in me. Its those moments between the fighting that really are more interesting. .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .postImageUrl , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:hover , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:visited , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:active { border:0!important; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:active , .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30 .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2cc151b4ba808c3ba6f2b9b127bc4c30:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hard Times have credibility EssayTwo of Leongs recent New York projects have allowed him to flaunt his talents fully: Nicholas Hytners acclaimed revival of Carousel at Lincoln Center Theater, and Julie Taymors violence-inflected production of Titus Andronicus a Theater for a New Audience. His work is evident throughout Carousel, but most conspicuously in the Blow High, Blow Low number, in which some 17 grog-swilling sea dogs are caught up in a donnybrook in a waterfront tavern. Richard Rodgers intended the number to be accompanied by a dance, but Leong and Hytner decided not to go that routepartly because of Leongs aversion to stagy-looking choreographed fights, and partly because Hytner wanted a real knock-down drag-out brawl. (If you want to do that kind of thing, Leong says, you cant count it out in beats.) The music was arranged to fit the movements rather than vice versa; the result is a dynamic, invigorating whirl of energy that works both as a fight and as a musical spectacle. Its that wild, rough-around-the-edges quality that gives Leongs fights their smack of authenticity. His punches look like they really hurt. A lot of fighting I see onstage looks so slick, he says. It should look out of control without being out of control. It has to be urgent. Undeniable visceral wallop Titus Andronicus brought out a somewhat different side of Leongs abilities: namely, supervisor and sometime-designer of grisly special effects. Bardolaters have long been embarrassed by Shakespeares first attempt at tragedy, a cornucopia of gory goings-on better known for its head-baked-in-a-pie scene tha its deathless verse. But for someone of Leongs interests, the play is an embarrassment of richesa succession of scenes in which actors are impaled wit candlesticks, choked with soup ladles and hung upside down with their throats cut. Such scenes pose intriguing technical challenges and pack an undeniable viscera wallop, but they lack the dynamism of a true fight, which according to Leong ca be almost an intellectual thing. Theres strategy involved. I cut here with a sword, you parry there, I see that youre pretty fast so I go over hereits a much a chess match as anything. A play like Titus is basically acts of outright aggression, and oftentimes the victim has no chance to even think about it. On the heels of SubUrbia at Lincoln Center, and Oleanna and Orpheus Descending at the Alley Theatre of Houston, Leong works on Michael Kahns adaptation of th two Henry IV plays, due Sept. 20 at the Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. If hes lucky, his schedule will still leave him some free time for his family in Brooklyns Park Slopethe site, ironically enough, of a recent scene more tense than anything Leong has staged. While visiting a playground with his one-year-old son, a couple of preteens started playing with a loaded pistol. It fired. No one was hurt, but it was the kind of violence that could give pause even to a certified fight master.

Evolution of Fairy Tales and Their Changing Influences on Children free essay sample

As the word fairy means in Latin, enchantments and events that are usually farfetched comprise the story. They are not always realistic and are mostly unrealistic. The art of storytelling began long ago and has been passed on since then. As one generation disappears another one appear and retells the fairy tales once told to the previous generations not exactly like they were but versions which have been changed a bit. Fairy tales since their origin have been passed to different generations. In the western civilizations they are almost a rite of passage that every kid/children has to pass. Whether it was during the ancient times where the stories had to be narrated or the modern times where the fairy tales are in Disney versions, not forgetting the Grimm Brothers (Grimm, 1963). In the eighteenth century investigators argued that the fairy tales were derived from India and distributed to Europe. Others claim the source was Babylonia but Greek scholars ruled those arguments out arguing that there was no way all the fairy tales would have come from a single place. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Fairy Tales and Their Changing Influences on Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Speculation never ended there but with time and the efforts coincided with interests in Aryan culture that was studied at those times. Arguments arise from the fact that many tales appear from areas far beyond Europe. Cinderella seems to have originated from India and China. Scholars tried to decode the original language of Cinderella discovering some latin and greek origin. Thus nobody can rule out that many of the stories we are experiencing today originated way before the Babylonian times. Ludwig Lainster developed a theory that explained that fairy tales are derived from dreams and claimed that human beings have elementary thoughts stored in archetypal images which come out in dreams developing into fairy tales. This theory helps explain two dimensional ideals that everybody works so hard and strives to achieve. Thus all women would strive to be docile and men saving the day without any presence of personality in them. Another scholar Marie Franz supports this theory by saying one cannot study plants without studying the soil where soil is used a symbolic motif. Human beings are the soil. Dreams tell us what we desire and what our goals are and that our minds influence the tales symbolic motifs. In the modern society, everything has to have its purpose. However simple something might look there are people in the society who spend sleepless nights in finding out what the effects are and how they affect the society. Therefore, the question arises whether the stories told are merely for entertainment or something else. In every fairy tale there are morals learnt that the children should embrace as part of growing up and been responsible people in the society. The morals of each fairy tale vary depending on the story. Some teach the children about responsibility, honor, greed and being kind to other people and animals. However detailed and diverse the stories can be they cannot simply be able to exhaust all the morals. They also have lasting effect on the children psyche which goes beyond the lessons simply learned. This paper focuses on the evolution of fairy tales, influence of the fairy tales to children and the gender stereotypes expressed in the stories. Fairy tales evolution is rich and huge. It runs from periods of oral transmission literally transmission and then to the modern Disney transmission through cartoons and animations. Disney/ Hollywood production is the latest stage in fairy tales evolution.

Free Essays on Helping Others

Helping Others Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. It could be from helping a senior citizen cross the street, to saving someones life On September 11th, 2001 a New York City firefighter by the name of Christopher Blackwell, passed away in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Mr. Blackwell and his fellow firefighters, died in their line of duty, which was to help people get out of the burning twin towers alive. Mr. Blackwell along with another 360+ fire fighters gave up their lives to â€Å"help others†. Mr. Blackwell and his whole family of firefighters worked together to save the innocent civilians on that unbearable day. Last football season I played with Ryan Blackwell, the son of the hero, and when he missed his football practices that week, all I could do was try and think of a way to help Ryan and his family feel better. So my Mother and I both worked together in making them a desert and giving them a card of our love towards the family. After all, it was the least we could do. In the inside it felt good, knowing that we tried to help a family through hard times, but nothing can replace what they lost that faithful day.... Free Essays on Helping Others Free Essays on Helping Others Helping Others Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. It could be from helping a senior citizen cross the street, to saving someones life On September 11th, 2001 a New York City firefighter by the name of Christopher Blackwell, passed away in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Mr. Blackwell and his fellow firefighters, died in their line of duty, which was to help people get out of the burning twin towers alive. Mr. Blackwell along with another 360+ fire fighters gave up their lives to â€Å"help others†. Mr. Blackwell and his whole family of firefighters worked together to save the innocent civilians on that unbearable day. Last football season I played with Ryan Blackwell, the son of the hero, and when he missed his football practices that week, all I could do was try and think of a way to help Ryan and his family feel better. So my Mother and I both worked together in making them a desert and giving them a card of our love towards the family. After all, it was the least we could do. In the inside it felt good, knowing that we tried to help a family through hard times, but nothing can replace what they lost that faithful day....

Lab report about prism spectrometer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About prism spectrometer - Lab Report Example Those colors emanated from the, white, Hydrogen and Mercury light sources. The main objective of carrying out this study on prisms is to learn the aspects of prism spectrometer theory so as to enhance the ability of explaining the practicability of its components. This was mainly achieved through observation of the mercury spectrum discharge lamp while taking subsequent angle of deviation records regarding the spectral lines. This hence creates the capability of determining the refraction index of the given glass prism for a number of wavelengths. It also gives insights on how to utilize the calibrated prism for the ultimate measurement of unknown wavelengths. Finally, it enables one to make a general observation regarding color sensation that is caused by the prevailing light of specific wavelengths. The main tool that is used in this lab experiment is the spectroscope. This is an instrument that is used for production an ultimate viewing of spectra. It is often comprised of three main parts that includes; a collimator for production of parallel light beams, a prism that is majorly responsible for light dispersion towards the spectrum, and the telescope that is ultimately meant for spectrum examination (GutieÃŒ rrez-Vega, Julio et.at, 2007). When there is transmission of light beam from air to the glass, the bending of the ray occurs with accordance to the Snells law. Therefore this can be summarized by an equation that is stated as sin q air = n sin q glass; whereby the subsequent measurement of subsequent angles is done on the normal surface in which n refers to the refraction index of the entire glass. The refraction index is hence a dimension-less value and is simply a clear measurement of the intensity in which the medium can bend light. The increase in the size of n is directly proportional to the increased bending of light. The usual refractive index of air is always 1. For a glass, n often varies from the value of between 1.3 and 1.8,

SOP 347 & MRT 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SOP 347 & MRT 16 - Essay Example uding employees, contractors, consultants, etc.; Section four includes the general policy; Section five includes detailed definitions of covered accounts and red flags; Section six includes response to red flags; Section seven includes updates to program; and Section eight includes program administration (FTC, 2009; Jones, 2008). Procedures have been laid out to back up the policies with methods for implementing each policy. Methods would clearly indicate the steps to be followed and tools to be used. This includes tools such as forms or documents that should be used while executing a specific policy. Roles and responsibilities have been assigned for various activities within the policies. Employee training is important in the execution of the program. Competencies that need to be developed for policies have been identified, and areas where employees need training have been identified. Methods for review and auditing the program have been included, and mechanism for correcting any gaps has been included. FTC. (2009, November 1). A How to Guide for Business. Fighting Frauds with the Red Flags Rule. Federal Trade Commission, Retrieved from . Jones, Josh. (2008, Setember 17). Model identity theft policy. Retrieved from http://www.mtas.tennessee.edu/KnowledgeBase.nsf/0dc5bcf28eace789852574590055ba0a/2ebf57dd17941195852574c700473c4a?OpenDocument Tellabs is a telecom company with a wide range of products and services in a range of markets. The investor relations web page provides a variety of investor related information. A comparison of peer group websites has been illustrated in table 1. Peers include 3com Corporation; Arris Group; Polycom; and Mastec Incorporated. A variety of information has been presented on the page. This includes events and presentations; news releases; stock quotes and links for annual reports; contact; email alerts; SEC filings; corporate governance; financial

Experiential paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Experiential paper - Essay Example The purpose of the internship was to help develop my human resource skills while interacting with people in the profession. As an intern, I looked at the potential employee problems at the Saudi Arabia Royal Embassy and their functions, in technical skill, human skill, and conceptual skill. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is the ability to use tools, techniques, and specialized knowledge to carry out a method, process, or procedure. (Higgins, p 13) An example of this would be the Naval Attach a position which advises on all things military, especially the royal navy, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to the Ambassador and appropriate stakeholders, such as the United Nations or the United States of America. Another example, would be the computer programmer attach who needed the technical information systems skills to maintain the computer systems at the embassy - particularly critical - since support otherwise would be from a different and incompatible time zone and location to distant to provide onsite support. Human skills are used to build positive interpersonal relationships, solve human relations problems, build acceptance of one's co-workers, and relate to them in a way that their behavior is consistent with the needs of the organization. This is especially needed when there are vast differences in the cultures as is often the case in current globalizations of businesses and governments across the world. Conceptual skills involve the ability to see the organization as a whole and to solve problems in a way that benefits the entire organization. (Higgins, p 15) Analytical, creative and intuitive talents make up the manager's conceptual skills. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Royal Embassy The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is located in southwest Asia, at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa; extending from the Red Sea in the west to the Arabian Gulf in the east; bordered on the north by Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait, on the south, by Yemen and Oman, and on the east by the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain. The terrain is varied; fairly barren and harsh, with salt flats, gravel plains and sand deserts; a few man-made lakes but no permanent streams; in the south, the Rub Al-Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sand desert in the world; in the southwest, mountain ranges of over 9,000 feet. The climate is June through August, over 110 degrees Fahrenheit midday in the desert; humidity in coastal regions up to 100 percent; elsewhere, mild; possible winter temperatures in the northern and central regions dropping below freezing; rainfall, from none at all for up to 10 years in the Rub Al-Khali, to 20 inches a year in the mountains of Asir Province.The populate is as of the 2004 census, 22.7 million, including about 6 million expatriates. The practicing religion is Islam, which is the basis of the legal system and of government. Islamic state based on principles prescribed by the Qur'an (Islam's Holy Book) and the Shari'ah (Islamic law); Provincial Council System, Consultative Council (Majlis Al-Shura), and Council of Ministers. Arabic is the spoken language, however, English is widely spoken in urban areas. King

The Whale Rider (2002) Summary and Analysis

The Whale Rider (2002) Summary and Analysis â€Å"The whale rider† Abstract â€Å"Whale Rider† is a drama film of the 2002, based on the novel of Witi Ihimaera, and directed by Niki Caro. The world premià ¨re was on September 2002, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film gained much respect from critics, it went on in film festivals such as Sundance and Tribecca, and gained international recognition. It has a lot of awards through the world: BAFTA Childrens Award, Best Feature Film 2003; Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, Best Young Actor/Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes) 2004; Chicago Film Critics Association Award, Most Promising Performer (Keisha Castle-Hughes) 2004; Cinemanila International Film Festival, Special Jury Prize 2003; Humanitas Prize, Sundance Film Category 2003; Independent Spirit Award, Best Foreign Film (New Zealand) 2004; Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival and others. â€Å"Whale Rider† is a contemporary re-telling of the 1000-year-old legend about legendary first ancestor named Paikea. This film combines elements of history, traditions, depicting them from the point of view of a child, that sees the world not in black and white terms. On the other hand, it is a drama about relationship of a young girl and her grandfather. Heroes and characters The film †Whale rider† is considered to be a personal and family drama, showing that families even in the most far away parts of the world have similar relations and personal problems. All People have the same emotions: they upset and cry, they feel happy and laugh. A Maori family, despite their beliefs or rituals, can be just like an American family, or any other one. The story takes place in the small town Whangara in New Zealand. Many centuries ago a legendary ancestor named Paikea brought there the Maori people, who still lives there. The myth about Paikea says that he was rescued by a whale, after his canoe was lost in the sea. He rode the whale and founded the Maori people, and from that day the tradition exists: an eldest son is the Chief of the tribe and the leader. Once deep within the ocean, a herd of whales was responding, and when the whales began stranding on the beach, this seemed to be a signal of an apocalyptic end to his tribe. Until one person prepares to make the sacrifice to save the peoplethe Whale Rider. â€Å"Whale Rider†shows emotional experience of a young Maori girl, Pai, who is the main character and the most bright personality in the film. She struggles to gain the approval of her grandfather and her people. From the beginning, Paikea, or Pai, is a young girl in a mans world. Though she is loved by her grandfather named Koro, who is the Chief of the Maori tribe, she is not accepted as a future leader, and as a person as well. A special attention should be paid to a the concept of shadows in the story, as it has an important meaning. The symbolism from the beginning foreshadows Pais future as a leader: a close up of the crying babys green eye mirrors the close up of a whales eye. So the focus of the eye humanizes the whale and connects the young girl to the animal. As Pai grows older, her defiant character of a leader becomes evident. Pai herself is interested in the leadership, learning traditional songs and dances, and Taiaha fighting a traditional stick fighting method used by the Maori men. Pai feels, that she can become the leader, but it is impossible for a woman to do so, and she is given little encouragement by her grandfather. Paikea: â€Å"My name is Paikea Apirana, and I come from a long line of chiefs stretching all the way back to the whale rider. Im not a prophet, but I know that our people will keep going forward, all together, with all of their strength.† Even when Pai becomes rather proficient in taiana fighting, this still does not prove to Koro that she is good enough to be a leader of the people. Koro, who is the Chief of the Maori tribe, is the other important character of the film. The conflict between him and Pai is caused by Koros refusal to acknowledge Pai as the inheritor of the tradition, Koro is blinded by prejudice, and nobody can convince him that Pai is the natural heir. First of all, because Paikea is a woman, she is not fit to be the Maori leader. The old Chief is convinced that the tribes misfortunes began at Pais birth, and calls for his people to bring their firstborn boys to him for training. He is certain that through a process of teaching the ancient chants, tribal lore and warrior techniques, the future leader of their tribe will be revealed to him. This confidence was shattered when all boys failed in his final test of leadership, they have lost Koros closest symbolic representation of his faith: the whales tooth. Koros eyes, mirrored in these events, portray a great sadness to the films audience. The characters and relationships are rather complex and intricate, they are developing through the film, and the audience makes a â€Å"journey† through heroes lives. The most rewarding of these is that of Pai and her grandfather. At the beginning of the film, we see that Koro genuinely cares for his granddaughter, but his disappointment about her gender is evident. As for Pai, all she wants to do is to earn Koros respect this point is brightly illustrated in the scene where she gives a speech dedicated to Koro. Though the film has a strong female character, there are still male dominant elements throughout it. So â€Å"The Whale Rider† shows deep levels of character development: as we see Koros great sadness, Nannys love for the family, and how Pais world is slowly crashing down around her. Pai is just a young girl in the beginning of the film, and a leader in the end. It is shown that all people have their depth of sadness, yet in this sadness we can find out what truly connects us with those we love. Problems shown in â€Å"Whale rider† â€Å"Whale Rider† is a great example of the problems that many cultures and families are facing around the world. The main social issue that is brought up by the film is the function of the woman in a world controlled mostly by men. The theme ofâ€Å"Whale Rider†is female empowerment is not unique, but the context in which it is presented is very interesting and unusual. This is a hot issue of many cultures through the world even today, as women try to gain a respectable place by hard working. The movie shows this visually and thematically all throughout the story. It is a film for everyone who wants to learn the story of a young girl, her future and her success in a â€Å"mens world†. When the audience is watching the film, they compare their own family experiences with the ones in the story. From this point of view, the film establishes a personal form of communication in the family, despite all cultural, racial, and geographical boundaries. So it may be considered as the film about interpersonal relations. Conclusion â€Å"Whale Rider† is a unique, untypical and fascinating film. It is not just a family film, just an Australian film it is a film that can touch the hearts of millions. The film is from New Zealand, though it has many Australian elements, it shows the connection between the land and the native people. The old culture is continuously struggling to keep alive, to keep its people, its unigue traditions and customs, in a quickly changing world, that leaves the past behind. The film shows New Zealanders, as an example for the rest of the world, that the past civilizations and cultures can continue to live on in harmony with todays world. â€Å"Whale Rider† shows so many interesting and emotional themes: failure and hope, strength, and determination, all of them are witnessed in the points of past, present, and future ideals.

LORENZOS OIL :: essays papers

LORENZOS OIL Project IV STEPS 2 & 3 Article 1 1. What is property P? Increase in brain activity 2. What is the sample? The 16 boys 3. What is the population? All children 4. What is the implicit question? Why is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD. 5. What is not the implicit question? Do all children have a property p? 6. What type of argument? Sampling 7. what did they look at? They looked at 16 children who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not. 8. IQ: Is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD? 9. NOT: Do all children have a difference in brain function? Schematization S1 6% of school children suffer from ADHD and require medication. S2 They looked at 16 children between 8 and 13 who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not.. S3 Ritalin is the drug used to treat children with hyperactive and aggressive behavior. S4/C1 ADHD children react differently than normal kids when given Ritalin S5 Children with ADHD exhibit problems like poor listening and poor impulse control.. S6 Healthy children have a decrease in brain activity when given Ritalin. C2 Ritalin has no positive effect on behavior in healthy children Article 2 1. What type of argument? Correlation 2. What is A ? â€Å"GIK† treatment (glucose insulin and potassium) 3. What is B? Reduction in heart attack deaths. 4. Causal Mechanism? Clogged arteries 5. What is the implicit question? Why does oxygen nourishment (GIK)to the heart reduce heart attack deaths? 6. NOT- What caused a reduction I Heart attacks? 7. Which rival explains why a and b occur together? Forward cause Rival - Those that received treatment did not have clogged arteries. The argument in the article is a correlation argument. There is a correlation between â€Å"A† the GIK treatment and â€Å"B† the reduction in heart attack deaths. The arguer believes there is a correlation because of a prior study. This study was originally conducted in 1960. And had showed and overall reduction in heart attack death rate by half. This study was discarded however because of poorly conducted clinical tests. These tests led many doctors to doubt that it worked. The study conducted called GIK for glucose, insulin and potassium nourishes t65he heart muscle that are deprived of oxygen immediately following a heart attack. The causal mechanism are clogged arteries that reduce the flow of oxygen to the heart.

Monitoring & Evaluating Marketing Comm

Monitoring and evaluating marketing communications is a difficult process with imprecise outcomes. Critically review this statement for both on-line and off-line campaigns, making reference to appropriate theory, the organisation and tools previously selected. Innocent: Campaign regarding â€Å"Veg Pots† Monitoring and evaluating are different but complementary functions, which mutually reinforce one another. Monitoring is an enduring function that uses the systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders of an on-going development intervention.Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of a continuing or completed project, programme or policy, (Third International Roundtable, 2007). Monitoring and evaluating marketing communications can be a difficult process as there are no real metrics for measuring advertisements within a campaign, advertising is not seen as a scientific or mathematical process and therefore e valuating the effectiveness of the campaign holistically can be made challenging.A wide range of criteria could be used by Innocent to monitor effectiveness of the Veg Pot campaign, ranging from awareness or advertising through absorption of product message and other intermediate factors to sales, the closer the sales figures are the better. Innocent Veg Pots offline/online campaign is filled with mixed-media tools, the differences in the way different mediums work can mean that they complement one another, in a mixed-media campaign each enriches what the other conveys.Magazine ads can communicate additional ideas, and also make the television advertising work harder; billboards can result in awareness and responses’ resulting on online hits, what this shows is that monitoring but also evaluating can be done not statistically but making consumers aware of the full product campaign through all mediums. Pelsmacker et al (2004) demonstrates with the use of figure 1. 1 different tests and research how monitoring and evaluating advertising campaigns can work. Figure 1. below illustrates the advertising planning process by stages, different advertising research methods can be adopted at certain points in the planning process. Innocent’s Veg Pot campaign can work in accordance with this model, at the different planning processes Innocent can carry out the research/tests as appropriate in order to efficiently improve decision making in each process and successfully move on to the next stage knowing that previous stages are fully completed and justifiable reasoning can be made as to why the next stage was then carried forward in the planning process.The pre- test is an evaluation method but can be seen as a monitoring method in assessing whether the campaign at that time matches to the expectations of the set objectives for the campaign, objectives should be measurable in order to quantify the effectiveness of the marketing communications (Ouwersloot and Duncan, 2007), the post-test could then help evaluate how well the advertising has been, through typical methods as recall or recognition analysis as suggested by Pickton and Broderick (2005) but have been criticised for association with several methodological problems by Singh et al,(1988 pp72-80).Figure 1. 1: Stages in the development of an advertising campaign and the role of advertising and advertising research Figure 1. 2 below shows the objectives of a pre-test, they could help to monitor if the set objectives are going to be met but also the pre-tests could be carried out to see whether the created adverts for the campaign are effective from the consumers perspective this may then allow Innocent to be efficient with time and money as they have already spent a lot previously promoting the Veg Pots which have been around since 2008, (Leahul, 2008).Figure 1. 2: Objectives of a Pre-Test Monitoring website behaviour has been made easier through advances in technology over the year s, web servers automatically collect data of visitors of whom visit websites Nielsen data are one firm who analyse these views with the help of cookies it allows experts to see consumers who revisit the website or where they go after leaving the advert they had just been exposed to on a certain website which helps evaluation of effectiveness of online adverts.Viewing of television commercials tends to be relatively passive, whereas exposure to magazines is more active. The process of scanning the pages means constantly taking decisions, with relatively high attention, and this active selection is maintained throughout the reading of the issue. Typically, all or almost all of the pages of a magazine are opened, (Consterdine, 2000).Reading a magazine requires more mental engagement than viewing television, magazines are purchased voluntarily and purchased based on interest so it is likely that the consumer is to actively seek out information from that magazine, television which is ano ther of Innocents chosen mediums can however engage with more of the senses than magazines, visual stories can be formed and viewed, jingles and catchy music can be a form of retrieval cues whilst the consumer is shopping.Monitoring television can be done by investigating how many people were watching during that advert break, monitoring magazines could be done by issues sold; evaluating the effectiveness of the ad can be seen through sales after exposure, however it cannot be stated that the increase in sales is because of the adverts it could be through desirability of product and the attractiveness of the offer it has along with it.Monitoring campaigns as Innocent’s mixed media one has proven to have its difficulties but shown to be reduced by Pelsmacker et al (2004) work of test marketing, evaluating the campaign is not any easier as there are many challenges in the way. Post-testing is one possible solution to evaluating the campaign communication effectiveness.Post-test ing is carried out after an advert has been exposed to the target market the post-test hopes to find if the advert exposed has generated demand and increase sales figures. Post-test areas include media evaluation, sales affect, message content & design of the marketing communication and lastly the effect of that marketing communication on awareness, attitude, purchase intention, claimed purchase behaviour and the like, (Pickton and Broderick, 2005 and Pavlou and Stewart, 2000).Pelsmacker et al (2004) found that recognition tests which consist of ‘evaluation of message content on the basis of an awareness of the marketing communication, (Pickton and Broderick, 2005) are better than recall tests which are an ‘evaluation of message content on the basis of aided or unaided recollection of the stimulus material’ (Pickton and Broderick, 2005), in measuring ad effectiveness if this is the case then Innocent could use recognition tests to evaluate the campaign of the Veg Pots however Singh et al (1988) suggested that recall and recognition tests have methodological problems in both broadcast media and print media Pelsmacker et al (2004) did also find that in recognition tests consumers can lie or guess creating erroneous results, single ads would be more difficult for a consumer to recognise or recall but similar ads that are part of a campaign will be more likely to recognised and recalled. Innocent is creating several different adverts all in line with each other to help consumers have the thought of Veg Pots in the top of their mind whilst they are shopping or just hungry. When monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of mixed-media campaigns special care is necessary if attempting to isolate the contributions of each medium. Isolating the effect of an advertising campaign is not always obvious’ according to Pelsmacker et al (2004), if Innocent are to fulfil their objective of increasing family consumers and advertise that free Veg Pots are available to limited consumers, that may increase the demand of the Veg Pots but the question is, is the increase in demand attributable to the advertising efforts or the attractiveness of the offer, (Pelsmacker et al, 2004), because of this it makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of the individual tools used within the campaign to see what contributions each tool has brought. In order to assess this issue Pickton and Broderick’s (2005) concept of assessing the whole campaign through integrated marketing seems a much more appropriate method to use than struggling to assess individual tools effectiveness used within a campaign. Campaign evaluation research focusses on the effectiveness of the whole campaign rather than just one ad in which a post-test does. Integrated marketing suggests it is irrelevant to assess the effects of a single ad the effects of the whole campaign should be carried out, (Pickton and Broderick, 2005) which is agreed upon by the workings of Pavlou and Stewart (2000). Almost half of all personal computers are in the same room as the television set, and simultaneous viewing of television and access to the Internet are common,’ (Cox 1998) what this means for Innocent is that their mixed-media tools for the Veg Pot campaign work in accordance with each other suggesting that one medium helps the other in generating more and more awareness, in a campaign like Innocents it is impossible to state that effectiveness of one medium is more useful or successful than the other as it may possibly be that one medium helps the other gain its credibility for example the television advert may direct the consumer to the website for more information which then offers information regarding vouchers in certain magazines therefore creating a triangular formation of connection between the campaign tools. Figure 1. 3: Continuum of integration . Figure 1. above illustrates that increasing levels of integration results in marketing com munications benefiting from synergy creating positive effects, this ties in with the work of Yeshin ( 2005) and Pelsmacker et al (2004) who stated integrated marketing is better than assessing the effects of one single medium which is irrelevant therefore the whole communications mix should be assessed, however Pickton and Broderick (2005) also state in their three levels of integration model (figure 1. 4) that not huge integration is needed like a military station just some integration is needed to keep a connection flowing through the hierarchy to avoid any communication failures. Figure 1. 4: Innocents new commercials that have been proposed to be created for the Veg Pot range is sure to not interest the entire audience the commercial is exposed to, Heath (2005, in Pickton and Boderick) said If the advert generates an interest for the person watching, that individual has more attention on the advert as it appeals to them compared to an individual watching the advert who does not have an interest in the product being advertised.The AIDA model could be an evaluation method that demonstrates how the appeal of the advert leads to purchasing of the Veg Pot as the awareness creates the interest then leading to desire ending in purchase, however the AIDA model has been discredited by Consterdine (2000) as to why consumers switch brands or select the brand because of an advert. There is now wide agreement that advertising works in different ways for different products in different situations, which doesn’t have to comply with the findings of the simplistic AIDA model. Unlike the findings of Pelsmacker et al (2004) and Pickton and Broderick (2005) who talk about evaluation of effectiveness being through tests, Ouwerloot and Duncan (2007) suggest that evaluation can be done through feedback in forms of interviews, meetings and general discussion not only internally but externally out of a company too, this then creates qualitative information for a company suc h as Innocent to use constructively.Speed, scope and scale of interactivity are what the mediums Innocent had for the Veg Pot campaign allowed. The degree of the success of the campaign can to an extent be evaluated through the mediums used. The internet can be used to fill out a questionnaire relating to the Veg Pots finding out whether consumers would purchase again, where and if they saw any of the campaign relating to the Veg Pots, television commercials can direct consumers to other more informative mediums, magazines can offer coupons when they are redeemed, billboards offer awareness, all these mediums combined can be evaluated not singularly though as found by Pelsmacker (2004), Pickton and Broderick, (2005) and Pavlou and Stewart (2000). Monitoring and evaluating marketing communications is a difficult process with imprecise outcomes’ this statements to an extent has been found to be true to an extent as many challenges are faced when monitoring and evaluating as the re are no real metrics to underpin the exact effectiveness of campaign communications it is hugely based upon perceived judgement and estimated predictions it is helped however through pre and post-tests yet through those tests it is still unclear the exact amount of people the campaign proved to be a success towards. Monitoring and evaluating marketing communications of Innocent can be difficult but hardship can be reduced through different methods, by examining the objectives of the campaign of the Veg Pots and seeing whether or not they had been reached can possibly answer the question ‘has the campaign been a success,’ but the actual monitoring of a campaign can be easier than evaluating a campaign, adverts that are singularly produced and not part of a campaign can be better evaluated and monitored as there will be no other influences or support with that particular advert.Saying that monitoring and evaluating can have imprecise outcomes is not generally true as st rategies and tactics are put in place throughout campaigns an outcome is always known as measureable objectives are put in place at the beginning therefore knowing in the mind where or what the end result should be. References Consterdine, G. (2000) ‘Magazine advertising effectiveness’. [Online] http://www. consterdine. com/report. asp? articleid=50 Cox, Beth (1998), â€Å"Report: TV, PC Get Equal Time,†Ã‚  Advertising Report Archives, InternetNews. com (November 17). De Pelsmacker, P. and Geuens, M. and Van den Bergh, J. (2004), Marketing Communications, Prentice Hall, Harlow Leahul, D. (2008) Innocent Tackles food with Veg Pot. Brand Republic [Online] [Accessed on 2nd April 2012] http://www. brandrepublic. com/news/844321/innocent-tackles-food-veg-pots/ Ouwersloot, H. nd Duncan, T. (2007) Integrated Marketing Communications, Mc-Graw Hill Pavlou, P. A. and Stewart, D. W. (2000) ‘Measuring the Effects and Effectiveness of Interactive Advertising. ’ J ournal of interactive advertising, 1(1) Pickton, D. and Broderick, A. (2005) Integrated Marketing Communications, Prentice Hall Singh, S. N et al (1988) ‘Recognition versus Recall as Measures of Television Commercial Third International Roundtable. (2007) Monitoring and Evaluation: Enhancing Development Results. Vietnam. [Online] [Accessed on 2nd April 2012] http://www. mfdr. org/rt3/Glance/Documents/E&M_final. pdf Yeshin, T. (2004) Advertising. Thompson London

Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s Contribution Essays

Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s Contribution Essays Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s Contribution Essay Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s Contribution Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : Fredrick Winslow Taylor’s Contribution According to Winslow’s theory of scientific management, he believed that an increase in the worker’s productivity was the reason behind the success of the employer and the employee. His theory would improve efficiency by increasing the speed at which they work. The employees would also gain adequate knowledge that they require to perform their tasks efficiently. This would reduce the amount of time they spend on each task. The workers would also be relieved some of the workload by the managers; hence they will be given amounts of work that they can handle efficiently. The employers, on the other hand, are required to gain enough knowledge to understand the business operations, manage them efficiently and be in a better position to train the workers. This would ensure that their involvement makes the workers highly productive. They are also required to devise a specific science for each job and reduce unnecessary steps in their performance. This makes it easier for them to supervise the jobs. The company would gain by improving efficiency of job performance, which increases the output level and profits. The theory suggests that scientific management is both a set of techniques and a philosophy (Tosi 10). It is a philosophy since there is a major requirement of knowledge in the business operations for both the workers and managers. It is also includes a set of techniques that are utilized to improve productivity. Both are vital aspects since one must have the knowledge to devise proper techniques on operation. In Taylor’s argument, he advocates for a fair division of work between the management and workers so that both are equally involved in business operations. Yes, it is extremely essential that both be actively involved since the operations would not run smoothly if one were inactive. Workers cannot be workers and managers at the same time since both have crucial roles in operations. The workers work as the managers supervise. It is difficult to work and supervise oneself at the same time. Works cited: Tosi, Henry L. Theories of Organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2009. Print.

Curent issues essays

Curent issues essays On may 21,2001- the supreme court ruled in a case involving the rights of journalists against the personal rights to privacy, that news organizations cannot be punished for broadcasting information that was passed to them unlawfully. The case began in in 1993, when a conversation between two teacher union officials-Gloria Barnicki and Anthony F. Kane Jr- was intercepted and recorded by an unknown source. One of the officials was using a car phone during the conversation, the union officials made derogatory remarks about some school board members. The tape was sent to a talk show host, who played the tape over and over for his listeners. As a result of the scandal, the two union officials, sued the stations that carried the broadcast. However, the federal district court in Penn, allowed the suit, but the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled otherwise, holding that the constitution did not permit liability for disclosing information of public significance when the defendant played no role in the interception. In this case, a couple of principles apply, the first being civil liberties. The two board members appealed to the court with the argument that their right to privacy was being violated. On the other side, there was the radio stations which had the freedom of the press in their side. Last but not least, the judiciary came to play, with the involvement of the federal court as well as the Supreme court. Civil liberties, are rights of the people protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Publication of truthful information concerning the private life of a person that would be both highly offensive to a reasonable person and not of legitimate public concern is an invasion of privacy. Liability is often determined by how the information was obtained and its newsworthiness (The First Amendment. H). According to the case being dis ...

Balanced Score Card Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Balanced Score Card - Article Example Learning and Growth perspective 12 6.1 Objectives 13 Increase the skills and knowledge of the employees 13 Satisfaction amongst the employees 13 Reduce the attrition rate of the employees 13 6.2 Measures 13 7. Initiative 14 REFERENCES 18 1. Balanced Scorecard The balanced scorecard is a tactical arrangement and management system that is extensively used in industry, government, business and non-profit organization all over the world in order to align the activities of the business to the strategy and vision of the of the organization, enhance the external and internal communication and monitor the performance of the organization against the predetermined strategic goals. This has been created by Professors David Norton and Robert Kaplan as a framework for performance measurement that adds traditional financial metrics with the non-financial performance measures that provides the executives and the managers with a balanced view of the performance of the organization. The balanced scor ecard model is used by the organization to get a clear perspective about what the organization should measure in order to balance the financial perspective in operation with the organization of strategic plans. The balance scorecard changes the strategic plan of the organization from a striking but passive document into an active one for the daily basis. It is a framework that not only provides the executives of the company with performance measures but also helps them in identifying and planning what can be done. It makes the executives capable of framing strategies. The balanced scorecard claims to consider an organization from four perspectives and look for developing metrics, collecting the data and analyzing them. The four perspectives are financial perspective that looks at the return on equity, cash flow, sales and income growth. Second is the customer’s satisfaction perspective that measures on time delivery, product development, defect levels and warranty support. Th ird is the business process perspective that measures the efficiency of the internal business processes that is measured via cycle time, quality, productivity and downtime. Lastly learning and growth perspective that measure organizational and innovation learning measured performance on the dimensions like product development cycle, technological leadership, operational improvement etc. This study focuses on the measuring the performance of marketing unit of McDonalds through balanced scorecard approach. Figure 1: Four perspectives of Balance Score Card (Source: Kaplan & Norton, 1996, p. 76) 2. McDonald’s McDonald’s started their journey in the year 1955 and since then they have been proudly serving some of the world’s most favorite food (McDonald’s, 2013a). They have not just managed history but have created it. Currently McDonald’s is operating as the world’s biggest retailer in foodservices with over 34,000 local restaurants offering food to about 69 million people in around 118 countries per day. The company has employee strength of 1.8 million. About 80% of all the existing restaurants of McDonald’s are run by franchisee (McDonald’s, 2013b). They started â€Å"from drive-thru restaurants to Chicken McNuggets to college credits from Hamburger U and much more.† Ray Kroc dreamt of starting a restaurant chain that will be famous for its food which provides uniform

Advertising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising - Assignment Example From the modest beginning, today it has grown into a consumer product giant with 400 brands. Their product portfolio includes those related to personal care, home care, food, hygiene, nutrition, health and beauty. These are used in more than 190 countries around the world, with dual headquarters in UK and Netherlands. Driven by strong and futuristic principles, the company registered a turnover of  £44.3 billion in 2010, the net profit being  £4.6 billion. It has 12 power brands that drive annual sales of more than  £1 billion. Unilever is a workplace for around 170,000 employees. The company’s success is hugely attributable to its belief in maintaining high standards of corporate behavior, be it at the consumer, stakeholder or community participation levels (Unilever, 2011). The sustenance of a brand in consumer product sector is dependent on its promotion, which is again largely shouldered by advertising. This is because of the competition in the industry and the need to reach out even to the remote population, in order to tap some extra space in the market pie. The pull effect caused by advertising in the consumer product range far exceeds that resulting from other methods of promotion, mainly because of its reachability, influence on consumer preferences and buying decision (Lamb & Dunne, 2010). Unilever also abides by this mode of promotion, due to the widespread nature of its operations and multiplicity of products. It sees advertising as a medium to explain the benefits of Unilever’s products, while actively engaging the consumers in improving not only the company’s products, but their own lives. The advertising and promotional expenses of the company amounted to 5.6 billion euros in 2010 (Unilever, 2011). Ad Age Digital reports that this advertising budget of Unilever is ranked second highest investment by various

Strategic Change Management (Ansewr 6 questions) Assignment

Strategic Change Management (Ansewr 6 questions) - Assignment Example High attrition rate and staff downsizing strategy of Airline company’s crates impact on defence mechanism of Airline staff. Southwest Airlines has applied clarity system as a part of Kurt Lewins Change Management Model to decrease resistance about newly implemented software system. The company has changed existing Microsoft Excel reporting pattern by implementing Hyperion Essbase model of financial budgeting. The company did the change in order to decrease overall reporting cost. The logic model of synergy theory describes sustainable change as participation multi level actors (local and global, top level, mid level and ground level management). This model not only increases communication scope but decreases change resistance also. British Airways used Kurt Lewin’s change management model in order to create positive impact on their business policy. In the unfreeze stage they downsized the workforce in order to decrease hierarchical levels. In the change phase British Airways altered internal system and provided incentives to absorb the shock effect. In the refreeze stage BA integrated customer satisfaction with individual objective of key members of organizational hierarchy. They refurbished uniform of staff and aircraft design as a part of change management process. The market demand for Airline industry has been dented due to sovereign debt crisis and economic recession. Airline industry has lost more than $25bn (Â £16bn) in last ten years (Milmo, Topham, and Roberts, 2012). Companies are competing with each other in order to achieve competitive edge such as low cost service delivery, fast service delivery, expanded destination service, fleet size and many others. For example, Southwest Airlines has achieved the competitive edge of lowest fare in comparison to other players in the market. The new airline group formed by the merger is the sixth largest airline service in the world in terms of

Needs Assessment Essay Example for Free

Needs Assessment Essay Students desire more than paper and pencil lessons. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), â€Å"Technology is driving change in the content of mathematics programs, in methods for mathematics instruction, and in the ways that mathematics is learned and assessed† (as cited in Van de Walle, 2004, p. 103). In this study, I want to investigate whether any differences occur in the overall effectiveness of student learning of fraction lessons when the information is presented using different types of visual media, in this case, computer versus overhead. The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of presenting fraction math lessons using computer based instruction versus overhead projection presentations. Eighth-grade math students will feel more engaged while receiving computer-based instruction versus eighth-grade students who receive overhead projection instruction. The participants are 12 math students at a Middle School. All of the students have basic computer skills. The twelve students are all eighth graders but their scores vary on the math section of the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) standardized test. However, the test scores in class show that students struggle with fraction problems. Twelve students will be randomly divided into groups; one group of six students will have computer-based instructions on solving problems involving fractions and percentages, compounded percentages and multiple discounts and the other group of six students will have lecture based instruction using the overhead and paper worksheets. â€Å"The logic of needs assessment can be summarized as a simple equation: desired status – actual status = need† (Dick, Carey, Carey, 2005). Currently, the desired status is for the math students to score 80% on in-class fraction test. The actual status is that students are scoring between 69 – 70 %. The need is to improve the scores about ten points. Students become bored taking notes and looking at the overhead information. Students using the computer are forced to be actively engaged. Using student’s interest in present day technology gives both sides an advantage in obtaining educational success. The question that still remains is does it give students an edge over paper and pencil taught lessons? A high school in Texas, San Marcos High, put the questions to the test. Teachers were initially impressed with on-line lessons. However, during the assessment phase, it was hard to determine if students were guessing the answers to the multiple choice questions or answering the questions correctly. When questioned why the school chose to use the on-line based lessons, Mr. Darnall, the math department head, states â€Å"Both of us really thought it was a way to capture the students’ attention† (Trotter, 2007). According to Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction, â€Å"in order for any learning to take place, you must first capture the attention of the student† (Kruse, n. d. ). Computer based lessons will satisfy this event. The students will be studied in their own groups. Data collection method included pre-test and posttest, interviewing, and observing students. Data will be collected in the form of daily worksheets and graded test. Also, students will completed a questionnaire about how involved they felt in each lesson. Answers from the questionnaire provided insight into the level of comfort student’s felt in using visual media to learn fractions. Students were observed during each presentation to look for a degree of understanding or misunderstanding. Triangulation is essential to cross-check information and presents an accurate view of the results. Three types of data to allow for triangulation are observing, interviewing, and examining records. These instruments were appropriate because these factors support the action of ensuring that the students have the prerequisite knowledge to begin instruction and supports informing the students what they will learn ( Dick, et al, 2005). Data will be analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics for measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median) and variability (standard deviation) (Gay, Mills, Airasian, 2006). Interviews will be analyzed by grouping similar responses into clusters that address the same issue and develop total scores across an item cluster (Gay et al, 2006). References Dick, W. , Carey, L. , Carey, J. O. (2005). The systematic design of instruction (6th ed). Allyn Bacon. Gay, L. R. , Mills, G. E. , Airasian, P.(2006). Educational research: Competencies for Analysis and applications (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kruse, K. (n. d. ). Gagne’s nine events of instruction: An introduction. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from http://www. e-learningguru. com/articles/art3_3. htm Trotter, A. (May 9, 2007). School subtracts math text to add e-lessons, test. Education Week. 26(36), 10-11. Van De Walle, J. A. (2004). Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching Developmentally. MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who Would Be King

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who Would Be King Let us presuppose to begin with that the cursed jewel is an impossibility and the powers of the Moonstone or any other gem for that matter only exist on an atomic level ( i.e. the energies which bind such objects together and make them what they are). Additionally it should be considered that no such object is the means by which a being exerts powers and no such object consciously exerts powers itself. Notions of the cursed or powerful jewel can be seen as a bi-product of what Said terms â€Å"Orientalism.† Said describes â€Å"The Orient† as â€Å"almost a European invention,† a place of â€Å"exotic beings and remarkable experiences.† (Ashcroft et al ed. p.87) This hypothesis adequately compliments Wilkie Collins’ characterisation of the eponymous jewel in The Moonstone and the moral pattern the author forms around its adventures. In the Nineteenth Century the jewel was the ultimate exotic object, Collins describes the Moonstone as â€Å"a yellow diamond- a famous gem in the native annals of India,† (Collins p.33) and clearly credits influence to the Koh-i-Noor in his preface to the novel. Collins builds upon the alien nature of such an object utilising the perceived mysticism of the Orient linking the jewel to a â€Å"four handed Indian God† (Collins p.33) [Said’s â€Å"exotic being† ?] and superstition, the notion of the jewel â€Å"feeling the influence of the deity who adorned it† (Collins p.33) [â€Å"remarkable experiences† to Said?]. Collins rapidly develops the exotic object into the cursed object primarily to create a long involving tale with a successfully satisfying denouement. the novel is, of course foremost a detective story; how memorable or lengthy a tale would it have been if the... ...---------------------------------------------- Controlling of persons. Tolerated Peachy Carnahan (book). (Pseudo-looting in Imperialism. name of the crown?) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Innocent appreciation Good Imperialism. Franklin Blake, Rachel Verrinder, Mr of native culture. Murthwaite, Narrator of The Man Who Would Be King (Kipling?) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Collins, Wilkie The Moonstone London: Penguin 1966 Kipling, Rudyard The Man Who Would Be King and Other Stories London: Granada 1975 The Post-Colonial Studies Reader e. Ashcroft, Griffith, Tiffin, London: Routledge 1995 The Man Who Would Be King dir. John Huston 1975

Evaluate The Ways in Which Emotion Might Enhance and/or Undermine Reasoning as a Way of Knowing Essay

To start this essay I will define the most important words as I understand them therefore emotion and reasoning will be defined and second I will explain the question. Emotion is what we feel as a reaction towards a person or situation for example: anger, love, and fear. Reasoning is logic, how we argument something, the way we make decisions or how we think and therefore it is how we react to situations. This question is asking us to explain how emotion can make it easier or harder to reason appropriately so it becomes a better or worse way of knowing. Emotion has a very big influence on most people’s way of reasoning sometimes it makes this reasoning more reliable and in other cases emotion makes it less reliable. In the following essay the question will be answered from both sites. Emotion might enhance and/or undermine reasoning in several ways for example when you are happy you reason in a positive way but if you are sad or in a bad mood you reasoning is more negative. For example a man that had been promoted in his job he has a car accident and his car is in a very bad state, he firstly will think about that his insurance will pay for the damage. In the other site if a man has been fired from his job and he has a car accident under the same conditions as that other man, the first thing he will think about is his bad luck and what he will do without his car and the last thing he will think about is about his insurance. Emotion might enhance reasoning as a way of knowing because it may encourage you to reason for example if someone really likes chemistry and enjoys the class, if the teacher asks a question then this person will reason faster to answer the question than a person that took the class only because the physics teacher didn’t accept him in the class. As well when a scientist is enthusiastic about doing an investigation because he loves the subject then he will do the experiment as accurate as he can but if he just does it because it is his job then he will do the experiment as fast as he can just to finish it. Emotion might also undermine reasoning because when emotions are involved people may do things wrongly without thinking about them correctly or without using any logic. A famous quote says â€Å"love makes blind† this means that love (an emotion) takes people to an unreal world and making their reasoning capacity limited. For example if a boy walks into a party and sees his girlfriend kissing his best friend and then she tells him that his best friend kissed her and she couldn’t push him away. Let’s say that the boy really loves his girlfriend then he will believe her even if the story is very unreal. This proves that emotion can make people reasoning unreliable and wrong. In my personal opinion I believe that emotion undermine reasoning as a way of knowing because it makes peoples logic limited and uncertain so the reasoning of this person is unreliable. Also emotions are not always encouraging for example let’s say a woman that works organizing parties lost her dog so she is depressed then she is not able to do her job because she can not think about anything apart from her lost dog. This proves that emotion is not very useful when it comes to reason.

Super Resolution Mapping To Determine Shoreline Position Environmental Sciences Essay

Coastal zone and shoreline monitoring is an of import undertaking in sustainable development and environmental protection. For coastal zone monitoring, shoreline extraction in different times is a cardinal work. Features of H2O, flora and dirt make the usage of the images that contain seeable and infrared sets widely used for coastline function Conventionally, photogrammetric technique is employed to map the tide-coordinated shoreline from the aerial exposure that are taken when the H2O degree reaches the coveted degree. On site study taken at these H2O degrees are more expensive to obtain than distant feeling imagination. With the development of distant feeling engineering, orbiters can capture high-resolution imagination with the capableness of bring forthing shoreline place. In recent old ages, satellite remote feeling information has been used in automatic or semi- automatic shoreline extraction and function. Braud and Feng ( 1998 ) evaluated threshold degree slice and multi-spectral image categorization techniques for sensing and word picture of the Louisiana shoreline from 30 m spacial declaration Landsat Thematic Mapper ( TM ) imagination. They found that thresholding TM Band 5 was the most dependable methodological analysis. Frazier and Page ( 2000 ) quantitatively analyzed the categorization truth of H2O organic structure sensing and word picture from Landsat TM informations in the Wagga part in Australia. Their experiments indicated that the denseness slice of TM Band 5 achieved an overall truth of 96.9 per centum, which is every bit successful as the 6-band maximal likeliness categorization. Besides multi-spectral orbiter imagination, SAR imagination has besides been used to pull out shorelines at assorted geographic locations ( Niedermeier, et A l. 2000 ; Schw & A ; auml ; bisch et Al. 2001 ) . While the really all right spacial declaration detectors ( e.g. IKONOS ) offers increased spacial declaration, the imagination from such systems is frequently inappropriate for many users, peculiarly if a big country is to be mapped ( Mumby and Edwards, 2002 ) . Therefore, if constrained to utilize fine-to-moderate spacial declaration ( 0.10 m ) imagination, there is a desire to map the water line at a subpixel graduated table. In such state of affairss the purpose is, hence, to deduce a map that depicts the characteristic of involvement at a graduated table finer than the informations set from which it was derived, which may be achieved through a super-resolution analysis ( Tatem et al. 2001, Verhoeye and De Wulf 2002 ) . 3.2 Test site The work focused on a 38 kilometer stretch of along a seashore off the North West Cape in the north west seashore of Western Australia ( Figure 3.1 ) . The shoreline was characterized by different beaches such as flaxen beaches, muddy and drop and facing to the Exmouth Gulf in the Indian Ocean. Exmouth Gulf is really shallow, with an mean deepness of about 10 m and northerly confronting drowned river vale in northwest Australia reverse estuarine embayment on the northwest shelf of Australia. The tidal scope is less than 2 m and varies little between neap and spring tides. The Exmouth part is exposed to preponderantly south to southeasterly air currents throughout the twelvemonth ( Bureau of Meteorology, 1988 ; Lough, J.M. , 1998. Coastal clime of northwest Australia and comparings with the Great Barrier Reef: 1960 to 1992. Coral Reefs 17, pp. 351-367. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus ( 10 ) Lough, 1998 ) . During spring and summer by and large moderate ( 21-30 kilometers per hour ) southward winds dominate, and fall and winter records show by and large lighter ( 11-20 kilometers per hour ) air current velocities with fluctuations between the dominant sou'-east air current and north to northeast air currents. The air current government is controlled chiefly by the interplay of the southeasterly trade air current system and the west coast-generated sea zephyr, in concurrence with a local sea zephyr developed within the Gulf. australia1-edit.JPG Figure 3.1: Location of shoreline trial site ( shaded ) and selected as had scope of morphologies in a survey country. 3.3 Data sets The survey used a series of harsh spacial declaration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) images over survey site to bring forth a ace declaration image. For this survey, the shoreline was defined as the place of the boundary between H2O and land at the clip satellite imagery acquisition. The NOAA series of orbiters which each carry the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer ( AVHRR ) detector. These detectors collect planetary information on a day-to-day footing for a assortment of land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. Specific applications include forest fire sensing, flora analysis, weather analysis and prediction, climate research and anticipation, planetary sea surface temperature measurings, ocean kineticss research and hunt and deliverance ( CCRS, 1998 ) . 3.3.1 AVHRR detector features AVHRR informations set is comprised of informations collected by the AVHRR detector and held in the archives of the Geoscience Australia. Carried aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration`s ( NOAA ) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite series, the AVHRR detector is a broad-band, 4- or 5-channel scanning radiometer, feeling in the seeable, near-infrared, in-between infrared and thermic infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It provides planetary on board aggregation of informations over a 2399 kilometer swath. The detector orbits the Earth 14 times each twenty-four hours from an height of 833 kilometer. In this survey, NOAA images acquired from Geoscience Australia and NOAA antenna in Alice Springs permits acquisition of twenty-four hours and night-time base on ballss. There are usually about two day-time base on ballss per orbiter and two night-time base on ballss per orbiter. The detector parametric quantities as shown Table 3.1. Merely informations acqui red in Channel 2 ( 0.725 – 1.00 Â µm ) was used for this survey because land H2O boundaries clearly seen on the image. Table 3.2 shows an AVHRR Spectral Characteristics. Table 3.1: Spacecraft Parameters Swath breadth 2399km Resolution at low-water mark 1.1km approx. Altitude 833km Quantization 10 spot Orbit type Sun synchronal Number of orbits per twenty-four hours 14.1 ( approx. ) Table 3.2: AVHRR Spectral Characteristics Channel No. Wavelength Typical usage NOAA-15, 16, 17, 18 ( Â µm ) 1 0.58 – 0.68 Daytime cloud and surface function 2 0.725 – 1.00 Land-water boundaries 3 N/A Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 3A 1.58 – 1.64 Snow and ice sensing 3B 3.55 – 3.93 Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 4 10.30 – 11.30 Night cloud function, sea surface temperature 5 11.50 – 12.50 Sea surface temperature 3.3.2 Reference Data Landsat TM information of the North West Cape, Australia was acquired on 24 August 2007 with a spacial declaration 30 m ( Figure 3.2 ) . The Landsat way was 115 and WRS Row 075 were geometrically corrected and georeferenced to WGS 84 ( universe co-ordinate system ) .o Georeference imagination is defined imagination which has been corrected to take geometric mistakes and transformed to a map projection. Georeferenced image rectification can take one of the two signifiers, systematic and preciseness. Systematic rectification involves utilizing orbital theoretical accounts of the orbiter plus telemetry informations to happen the approximate relationship between the image and the map coordinates. Precision rectification uses land control points to register the image to absolute geographical co-ordinates. In other words, in a geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid geo-referenced image the pels and lines are non aligned to the map projection grid . A Landsat 5 TM scene has an instantaneous field of position ( IFOV ) of 30 m by 30 m ( 900 square metres ) in bands 1 through 5 and band 7, and an IFOV of 120 m by 120 m ( 14,400 square metres ) on the land in set 6. Merely band 4 ( 0.76 – 0.90 Â µm ) was used for delineate a shoreline. landsat1.JPG Figure 3.2: Landsat 5 TM informations over study country. Acquired day of the month: 24 August 2007 3.4 Method In the context of ace declaration techniques, it is assumed that several harsh spacial images can be combined into a individual all right spacial image to increase the spacial declaration content. The harsh spacial images can non all be indistinguishable and there must be some fluctuation between them, such as translational gesture analogue to the image plane ( most common ) , some other type of gesture ( rotary motion, traveling off or toward the camera ) , or different screening angles. In general, ace declaration can be broken down into two wide parts: I ) enrollment of the alterations between the harsh spacial images, and two ) Restoration, or synthesis, of the harsh spacial images into a all right spacial image ; this is a conceptual categorization merely, as sometimes the two stairss are performed at the same time. In this survey, the aim is to bring forth all right spacial declaration image from multiple harsh declaration images. Fine spacial declaration image has been applied with object designation methods which may build with regard to image enrollment and super-resolution building. All parametric quantities are used iteratively and do object designation secured from mistake response and been processed in hardiness, accurate and preciseness manner. 3.4.1. Image Registration Image enrollment is the procedure of covering two or more images of the same scene taken at different times, from different point of views or by different detectors. Image enrollment is a important measure in all image analysis undertakings in which the concluding information is gained from the combination of assorted informations beginnings like in image merger. Image enrollment consists of following four measure ; characteristic sensing, characteristic matching, transform theoretical account appraisal and image resampling and transmutation. i. Geometric Registration The geometric deformations present in airborne remotely perceived images may be categorized into system-independent and system-dependent deformations. The system independent deformations are caused by the gesture of the detector and by surface alleviation. Figure 3.3 shows on instance of images which are related by a planar projective transmutation or alleged planar homography. There are two different state of affairss where ( a ) images of a plane viewed under arbitrary camera gesture and ( B ) image of an arbitrary 3D scene viewed by a camera revolving about its ocular Centre or zooming. Figure 3.3: Two imaging scenarios for which the image-to-image correspondence is captured by a planar homography ( Capel and Zimmerman, 2003 ) Under a planar homography, points are mapped as: ten ‘ = Hx, where ten ‘ correspondence point of mention points x in other image and H is a 9 transmutations projection. The different of planar homography based on transmutation matrix attack below: or equivalently ; ( 3.1 ) ten ‘ = Hx The tantamount non-homogeneous relationship is ( 3.2 ) The scenario depicts in which homography will happen when a freely traveling camera views a really distant scene, such instance in airborne remote sansing ( Forte and Jones, 1999 ) . ( two ) Photometric Registration Photometric enrollment refers to the process by which planetary photometric transmutations between images are estimated. This enrollment traveling to use a theoretical account which allows for an affine transmutation ( contrast and brightness ) per RGB shows below. 3.3formula3.GIF Where, r1, g1, b1 are RGB channel in image 1 while r2, g2, b2 indicate RGB channel in image 2. Matrix A is used to calculate the remainder of brightness and contrast ? . Image enrollment of homography image concludes in Figure 3.4, last two stairss iterate until the figure of itelaration is stable. method.GIF Figure 3.4: Procedure to gauge a homography between two images. In order to deduce ace declaration image utilizing multiple series of low declaration images, all images need to register at the same time and corrections may easy implemented. Block bundle accommodation traveling to be considered as the best calculator to calculate all braces of back-to-back frames in the input sequence. Parameters such as interlingual renditions, rotary motions, graduated table, contrast and brightness, characteristic base enrollment, RANSAC ( RANdom SAmple Consensus ) and fiting could be done at the same time in every image brace. Generative image formation theoretical account is the best image formation algorithms which may see geometric transmutation of n images, point spread map which uniting effects of optical fuzz and gesture fuzz, down-sampling operator by a factor S where trying rate traveling to be entree, scalar light parametric quantities and observation noise. This theoretical account is generalized as follows: formula4.GIF f = mulct spacial declaration image gn = nth observed harsh spacial declaration image ?n = geometric transmutation of n-th image H = point dispersed map sv = down-sampling operator by a factor S ?n, ?n = scalar light parametric quantities ?n = observation noise 3.5 Hard categorization To distinguish between land and H2O organic structure a difficult classifier was applied to the fake coarse spacial declaration orbiter detector imagination. The maximal likeliness difficult classifier used to sort the harsh spacial declaration imagination ( NOAA AVHRR ) . The same preparation sites used in sorting the all right spacial declaration image ( cite informations ) were used ( Figure 4.5 ) . Using these developing sets the 20 m imagination was classified to 2 categories ( land and H2O ) . The resulting image ( Figure 3.7 ) would subsequently be analysed to find the positional mistake between the predicted shoreline location and the existent location based on the land informations. densitynooa.jpg ( a ) densitylandsat.jpg ( B ) Figure 3.5: ( a ) 1100 m spacial declaration and ( B ) 30 thousand spacial declaration classified imagination 3.7 Soft Categorization Difficult categorization techniques have been popular in distant feeling but they merely assign one category to a certain pel ( Jensen, 1996 ) . As shoreline pels normally contain a mixture of land and H2O categories, information within a pel is lost. A major job for accurate reading of distant feeling informations is related to the fact that pels may incorporate more than 2 categories which would merely be realised from land activities ( Foody, 1992. To turn to this job research workers have developed methods to deduce estimations of the sub-pixel category composing through the usage of techniques such as mixture modeling and soft or fuzzed categorizations ( Foody, 1996 ) . Soft classifiers allow pels to hold variable grades of rank to multiple categories. Soft classifiers assign a rank class between 0 and 1 to each category in a pel. This allows a pel to be associated to multiple categories instead than merely to one category as in conventional difficult classifiers. The end product of the soft categorization for each pel was an indicant of the comparative rank to the two categories and, in the country where rank was greatly assorted, this was taken as an estimation of the relative screen of the constituent categories ( figure 3 ) . noaa.jpglegend.GIF Figure 3.6: End product of soft categorization. The gray graduated table indicates the grade of rank to the land category. 3.8 Super declaration Maping The water line was mapped from the ace declaration image generate from the series of harsh spacial declaration image.. The same preparation sites were used in all the categorizations. As a benchmark, a conventional difficult categorization was used to foretell the water line from the fake image. The water line was fitted to the derived end product of this categorization by weaving it between pels allocated to the different categories. sr.JPG ( a ) density_sr.JPG ( B ) sr.JPG ( degree Celsius ) Figure 3.7: Ace declaration technique ( a ) individual image ( B ) difficult categorization of ace declaration image ( degree Celsius ) water line word picture. 3.tif ( a ) 5.tif ( B ) 12a.tif ( degree Celsius ) 15a.tif ( vitamin D ) 20.tif ( vitamin E ) 20.tif ( degree Fahrenheit ) Figure 3.8: End product of ace declaration technique ( a ) 3 images ( B ) 5 images ( degree Celsius ) 12 images ( vitamin D ) 15 images ( vitamin E ) 30 images ( degree Fahrenheit ) 50 images. 3.8 Positional Error Analysis End product from a difficult and soft categorization produces images with pels values stand foring the proportion of a certain category within pels. But it does non bespeak where within a pel these categories are located. To turn to this job, methods of administering the proportion within each pel to different categories were explored. The truth of shoreline maps generated at each spacial declaration from application of the difficult categorization, soft categorization and ace declaration method from multiple images were analysed for survey country ( Figure 3.1 ) . For each infusion and coarse-spatial declaration image, the truth of the shoreline anticipation derived was determined by comparing the to the Landsat 5 TM informations for every meter of the shoreline ( Table 3.3 ) The positional truth along the 38km length of shoreline in each infusion is shown in Table 3.3: Positional truth of the each method. Method Hard Classification Soft Categorization Super Resolution RMSE ( m ) 72.2 m 32.1 m 1 image: 14.8 m 3 Images: 7.21 m 5 Images: 6.25 m 12 Images: 5.33 m 15 Images: 5.17 m 30 Images: 5.08 m 50 Images: 8.07 Measure RSME ( m )